Feminism as a movement gained potential in the twentieth century, marking the culmination of two centuries’ struggle for cultural roles and socio-political rights — a struggle which first found its expression in玛丽·沃尔斯托克拉夫特（Mary Wollstonecraft）对妇女权利的辩护（1792）。这一运动在三个阶段/波浪中越来越重要 - 第一波（政治），第二波（文化）和第三波（学术）。顺便Toril Moialso classifies the feminist movement into three phases — the female (biological), the feminist (political) and the feminine (cultural).
在19世纪和20世纪，女权主义的第一波浪潮始于美国和英国，是为争取妇女，选举权组织和激进组织争取平等和财产权的斗争。这些女权主义者反对chattel marriages以及政治和经济平等。第一波的重要文字是弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）‘sA Room of One’s Own（1929年），主张女人独立的重要性，并通过角色朱迪思（莎士比亚的虚构姐姐）阐明了父权制社会如何阻止妇女意识到自己的创造力。伍尔夫还开设了语言性别的辩论 - 这是一个问题，后来由此解决Dale Spender谁写的Man Made Language(1981),Helene Cixous，谁介绍了Ecriture女性(inThe Laugh of the Medusa) andJulia Kristeva，他们区分了象征性和符号语言。
The second wave of feminism in the 1960s and ’70s, was characterized by a critique of patriarchy in constructing the cultural identity of woman.Simone de Beauvoir在《第二性别》（1949年）中，著名地说：“一个不是出生的，而是成为女人” - 这一说法强调了妇女始终被定义为“其他”，缺乏的，负面的，负面的事实归因于penis-envy.” A prominent motto of this phase, “The Personal is the political” was the result of the awareness .of the false distinction between women’s domestic and men’s public spheres. Transcending their domestic and personal spaces, women began to venture into the hitherto male dominated terrains of career and public life. Marking its entry into the academic realm, the presence of feminism was reflected in journals, publishing houses and academic disciplines.
Mary Ellmann‘s Thinking about Women (1968),凯特·米勒特（Kate Millett）‘s性政治（1969），Betty Friedan‘sThe Feminine Mystique(1963) and so on mark the major works of the phase. Millett’s work specifically depicts how western social institutions work as covert ways of manipulating power, and how this permeates into literature, philosophy etc. She undertakes a thorough critical understanding of the portrayal of women in the works of male authors like DH Lawrence, Norman Mailer, Henry Miller and Jean Genet.
In the third wave (post 1980), Feminism has been actively involved in academics with its interdisciplinary associations with马克思主义,精神分析和后结构主义，处理诸如语言，写作，性，代表性等问题等。它还与替代性相关，postcolonialism(Linda Hutcheon和尖刺) and生态学研究(Vandana Shiva)
Elaine Showalter, in her “迈向女权主义诗学” introduces the concept ofgynocriticism, a criticism of gynotexts, by women who are not passive consumers but active producers of meaning. The gynocritics construct a female framework for the analysis of women’s literature, and focus on female subjectivity, language and literary career.Patricia Spacks‘女性想象力, Showalter’sA Literature of their Own,桑德拉·吉尔伯特和Susan Gubar‘sThe Mad Woman in the Atticare major gynocritical texts.
The present day feminism in its diverse and various forms, such as liberal feminism, cultural/ radical feminism, black feminism/womanism, materialist/neo-marxist feminism, continues its struggle for a better world for women. Beyond literature and literary theory, Feminism also found radical expression in arts, painting (Kiki Smith,芭芭拉·克鲁格（Barbara Kruger））， 建筑学（Sophia Haydenthe architect ofWoman’s Building) and sculpture (Kate Mllett’s Naked Lady).
类别：Feminism,Literary Criticism,俄罗斯乌克兰比分直播
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