亚裔美国人的戏剧

亚裔美国人戏剧与1890年代的公认起源以及有争议的象征主义者萨达基奇·哈特曼(Sadakichi Hartmann)的戏剧,包括基督:三幕中的戏剧性诗(私人印刷,1893年),佛:十二个场景中的戏剧(书面,1891 - 95年;私人印刷,1897年)和孔子:三幕戏剧((written, 1894–1916, 1920–22; privately printed, 1923). In the century that followed, the rich and varied contributions of playwrights to the genre have ensured its lasting imprint on American literature. As both artistic and political expressions, Asian-American plays through the years collectively document the assorted concerns—private, public, old, new, and newly constituted—of Asian-American dramatists and the communities they at once represent, interpret, embrace, and critique.

在哈特曼(Hartmann)的混血儿和与欧洲的亲密关系(无论是心理和体验式)之后,可以说让他与直接的戏剧写作后代区分开来,这是1920年代至1940年代的第一批亚裔美国人戏剧家,从1940年代到1940年代的戏剧,在很大程度上反映了一场向内转的转变,单一文化重点(通常是日裔或中国裔美国人)。Given America’s exclusionary policies toward Asians and Asian Americans during this era, the playwrights’ self-directed, monocultural focus was, perhaps not surprisingly, ambivalently poised against the backdrop of a mainstream America, with whom assimilation was viewed as a mixed blessing—highly desirable yet also a source of cultural disruption, threat, and loss. Thus, the clash of old-world and newworld values, often necessitated by new-world realities, constituted central themes of these early plays. Gladys Li’s玫瑰的提交五月(1924) exemplifies this concern with intracultural and intercultural tensions in its treatment of a young Chinese-American woman’s resistance to an arranged marriage. Similarly, Bessie Toishigawa Inouye’s团圆(1947年)研究了第二次世界大战之后的日裔美国士兵的自我认同和重点化的问题。

奇怪的是,在1950年代和1960年代,当转移地缘政治潮流产生了广泛的百老汇和好莱坞对亚洲和亚洲人代表的兴趣,例如,约翰·帕特里克(John Patrick)八月月亮的茶馆(百老汇制作,1953年;电影,1956年);詹姆斯·米歇尔(James Michener)的小型盒装官员袭击,Sayonara(小说,1954年;电影,1957年);保罗·奥斯本的Suzie Wong的世界(百老汇制作,1958 - 60年;约翰·帕特里克(John Patrick)的剧本,1961年) - 亚洲戏剧写作进入了一段相对休眠时期。实际上,这一时期只记录了亚裔美国人的几部戏剧,其中包括日裔美国人剧作家卡尔·昆多(Carl Kondo)的短剧一个女士对我做了(1951),发表在Rafu Shimpo,一家位于洛杉矶的报纸于1903年由第一代日裔美国人创立。这种相对不活动的原因是多重的,也许最明显的是,在第二次世界大战后,需要将选举权的日裔美国人重建破坏的生活和社区。此外,在第二次世界大战的紧随其后以及在韩国和越南急性政治动荡的数十年中,许多亚裔美国人试图通过“安静地同化”将其永久局外人地位重写为主流。

这个稀疏活动时期也可能被视为艺术和政治结晶的必要前奏。实际上,随后几十年来,活动的蓬勃发展。但是,鉴于前几十年的沉默,1970年代写的戏剧并不奇怪地反映了他们对在很大程度上对文化界关注的待遇或一个亚裔美国人团体与主要欧美主流的谈判的关注。在此期间,有两个值得注意的戏剧是Momoko iko的金表(1972)和弗兰克·钦(Frank Chin)Chickencoop Chinaman(1973年),都是由东西部玩家(East West Players)赞助的1971年戏剧竞赛的首次获奖者。金表(1972年),以第一个专业生产的亚裔美国人戏剧而闻名,它研究了9066号行政命令对华盛顿帕斯科的日裔美国农业社区的影响。下巴Chickencoop Chinamanarguably complicates the notion of cultural binaries (one specific ethnic group versus the Euro-American mainstream) by including a Japanese-American character, Kenji, and an African-American character, Charley Popcorn. Still, these characters function largely as dramatic props in the principal character Tam Lum’s struggles both to forge an integrated and self-directed identity as a Chinese-American man and to find his way as a Chinese-American artist. These related threads are memorably brought together in a fantasy scene involving Tam and his childhood television idol, the Lone Ranger, whom Tam in his youth mistook for the ideal “Chinese American boy.” Similarly, the widely anthologized play, Wakako Yamauchi’s灵魂将跳舞(1974年),重点介绍了大萧条期间南加州的Issei(第一代日裔美国人)的困扰:美国的文化隔离,美国搬迁引起的世代相传和性别挑战,并因急性经济困难而加剧了日本日本人的态度,使其加剧美国人向美国作为机会之地和流放地点。

Later Asian-American dramatists (the second wave) continued this tradition of interrogating the intracultural tensions within a single Asian-American group as well as those resulting from intersections with the Euro-American mainstream. For example, David Henry Hwang’sFOB(1979年)探究了文化流离失所带来的熟悉的文化内部冲突主题 - 在这种情况下,在一个名叫戴尔的美国出生的美国人之间,他在同化主义的热情中避开了与他的“新鲜的船”对应物史蒂夫(Steve)的任何联系。像年轻女孩,马萨科,在灵魂将跳舞,戴尔(Dale)不喜欢新移民,因为他们使他想起了与主流欧美文化有关的脆弱身份。1980年,在加利福尼亚州托伦斯(TorranceFOB较早的戏剧源于文化流离失所和这种位移必然会产生的破裂身份。

戴维·亨利·黄(David Henry Hwang)的托尼·奖(Tony Award) - 戴维·M·蝴蝶(M. Butterfly)(1988年),也许是所有亚裔美国人戏剧中最广泛庆祝的,是在东方对西方的类似二分法中运作的。该剧定于1960年代后期北京和巴黎,研究了基本文化二进制:东方与西方求爱仪式;共产主义中国的政治和社会压迫性与民主西方的自由;与顺从的东方女性相对于服从的西方男性诱惑者的性别期望;中国歌剧与西方歌剧。在发表的戏剧中写道的“后记”中写道:“M.蝴蝶有时被认为是一部反美戏剧,是对西方对东方的刻板印象,男性的刻板印象。恰恰相反,我认为各个方面都请求削减我们各自的文化和性误解层,从我们共同的共同和平等的立场中,以真实的方式与彼此交流,以实现我们的共同利益”(100个”(100)。

然而,对黄的戏剧的批评者指责剧作家仅仅重申了亚洲人和亚裔美国人的刻板印象,从而取得了商业成功。根据这一观点,黄王通过给予它想要看到的东西来寻求很大程度上的欧美观众的验证:在FOB中,荒谬的中国移民,在熟悉的中国餐厅的环境中可笑的口音可笑;在M.蝴蝶,詹姆斯·莫伊(James Moy)所描述的同时施加了卑鄙和不利的歌曲liling,最终代表了“臭名昭著的中国'龙女士妓女妓女刻板印象的毁灭的transvestite版本”(“戴维·亨利(David Henry)” 54)。莫伊(Moy)在第二波亚裔剧作家中包括了菲利普·坎·戈达达(Philip Kan Gotanda),这是他对亚裔美国人角色的受损和破坏性重新施加的批评,以及令人回应并增强了主流刻板印象的关注。在他的庆祝活动中洋基道,你死了(1988年),Gotanda提请人们注意亚裔美国人在主流媒体中寻求工作的道德困境:仅接受“真正的”亚洲和亚裔美国人角色的道德愿望,而经济紧急情况与需要演员要求扮演角色的经济紧急情况主流,使刻板印象永久存在的角色。评论M.蝴蝶和gotanda的洋基道,你死了,,,,Moy声称:“ [他们的角色]提供了一个愉快的娱乐活动,然后随着异国情调的东方恋物癖表达表达盎格鲁裔美国人的欲望,现在倍增为亚裔美国人创造的刻板印象的新秩序”(“戴维·亨利” 55)。是否同意莫伊(Moy)对这些戏剧的有争议的评估,使许多学者停顿的事实是,(截至2009年),黄(Hwang)是唯一在百老汇制作的亚裔美国人剧作家。为什么某些亚洲人和亚裔美国人的某些表现形式呼吁主流观众的棘手问题,而其他人则不持续。

尽管对艺术同谋和商业生存能力有着严重的关注,但在20世纪过去十年中,亚裔美国人的剧作家继续为真实的艺术表现而努力,并在其主题材料上更加多元文化。伊丽莎白·黄(Elizabeth Wong)Kimchee和Chitlins((1993) is based on the real-life organized boycott by African Americans of Korean American–owned businesses in Brooklyn in 1990. Despite the highly charged subject of interracial urban conflict, Wong’s play boldly treats the issue with candor, exposing racial misunderstanding and bigotry on both sides. To Wong’s credit, the play’s potentially explosive charge is defused by its underlying humor and compassionate portrayal of characters of both races. Garrett Omata’sS.A.M.我是(1995年)还考虑了异族冲突和欲望的政治 - 约翰·哈马巴塔(John Hamabata)是一个年轻的日本美洲人,他渴望优雅且无法实现的杰基·什巴塔(Jackie Shibata),他是一半日本人和半白人,并且对演员和剧作家萨姆·谢泼德(Sam Shepard)着迷。这两个角色都有意识和无意识地渴望通过与白人的联系来提升自己的地位:对于约翰来说,通过与半白人的浪漫联系,通常,通常只约会白人男人;对于杰基(Jackie),通过与Shepard的幻想联系,Shepard是白人男性理想的流行文化偶像。

1980年代和1990年代所写的戏剧的重点是多种族和多种族交叉点以及由他们产生的混合身份的形成,在很大程度上取决于1970年代及以后的亚裔美国人社区改变人口统计学的功能。这些变化的基础是1965年《移民法》的通过,该法消除了亚洲移民到美国的障碍。随着时间的流逝,各种亚洲遗产和异族身份的剧作家(Filipino,印度,韩裔和越南人)都加入了他们的中国美国和日裔美国人的前任,以扩大亚裔美国人的剧作家的范围。其中一些戏剧,例如Huynh Quang Nhuong的流浪灵魂的舞蹈(1997年),旨在教育美国的主流观众,了解特定亚洲或亚裔美国人文化的神话和历史。流浪灵魂的舞蹈frames China’s millennial rule in Vietnam as a story of warring families determined to pass on their long legacy of hostility and aggression to the next generation. The play both informs American audiences about this early phase of Vietnam’s history, though in highly mythologized form, and suggests a remedy for war in the promise of the eventual union of the younger generation.

其他努力扩大亚洲美国戏剧性景观的剧作家包括Jeannine Barroga,Rob Shin,Velina Hasu Houston和Amy Hill。在谈话故事(1997年),巴罗加(Barroga)与大约两代菲律宾裔美国人家庭,1930年代的加利福尼亚州乡村和他的女儿在1990年代旧金山的父亲交织在一起。代际故事的刺激性蒙太奇,充满多种族交叉点的盛行,使观众想起了在实现种族公正社会和尚待解决的障碍方面取得的进步。同样,Shin的等待的艺术(1991年)考虑了各种各样的多种族和多民族主题,从白人种族主义到韩裔美国人和非洲人社区之间的种族敌意。在这部戏中,即使是种族化的男性身份,以及所有美国人持有基于种族的先入之见和反感的美国人的禁忌话题也很大程度上。亚裔美国人戏剧中多种族性的其他维度在1997年的Velina Hasu Houston的戏剧中脱颖而出,“在[美国]中很容易成为最受生产的亚裔美国女性剧作家”(尼尔森73)。源自她的多种族身份(部分日本,一部分非裔美国人和一部分印第安人),霍斯顿的愿景也许不仅体现了亚裔美国人的戏剧,而且还典型地体现了美国社会的一般性。休斯顿的许多戏剧,包括Tokyo Valentine(1992)和有时在死者的脸上(1994),戏剧化了多种族体验的复杂性。同样,艾米·希尔(Amy Hill)的幽默东京绑定(1991年)是单人戏的三部曲中的第一部,源自她在南达科他州和西雅图的童年和青少年经历,兼顾了她的芬兰语和日本遗产。

在20世纪末,亚裔美国人的戏剧家,戏剧评论家和学者,戏剧公司反映了越来越多的泛亚愿景。Velina Hasu休斯顿在解释她为亚裔美国人戏剧选集的选择时表达了这种泛亚的重点,她编辑了她:“ [选集]包括广泛的主题和写作风格,有些非常美国人,一些非常非常亚洲,有些非常非常亚洲,以及有些是两种起源的综合。我可以说的一件事是,他们对人类状况的看法既有个人主义又普遍。此外,重要的是要注意,这些不是“种族戏剧”,而是美国戏剧不应降级为欧洲中心主义制造的艺术贫民窟”(但仍然像空气一样xxi)。这种包容性不仅包含各种种族,多种族和多种族纵横交错,而且还包含性别观点,正如1990年代发表的亚裔美国人妇女所致力于扮演的几本专门扮演的选集所暗示的那样。在1990年代中期和后期,研究种族和性取向的交集的戏剧也进入了亚洲美国舞台。其中值得注意的是Chay Yew的他们自己的语言(1994)和德怀特·奥基塔(Dwight Okita)雨季(1996)。

在21世纪的前十年中,剧作家在很大程度上延续了探测多元文化交集的趋势。爱丽丝·图安(Alice Tuan)New Culture for a New Country((1999), for example, examines the history of women’s labor on a street corner in Brooklyn, New York, by presenting snapshots of various characters, including a Jewish-American tour guide, a Chinese-American dim sum vendor, and an AfricanAmerican depression-era “corn girl,” who sold both “hot buttered corn” and sex. Karen Shimakawa summarizes Tuan’s aim in the play: “[to ask] audiences to consider the operations of capitalism, gender, immigration, and racialization as links connecting these various women across decades and cultures” (162). Another play by Tuan,第三世界的亲密接触(2001年)是为了回应当时的反移民感觉,探索了亚裔美国人,奇卡纳斯/OS和Latinas/OS的共同和比较历史征服。在Gotanda的戏剧中,这种多元文化团结的愿景扩展到美国之外风哭了玛丽(2002年),研究了1960年代后期在旧金山的一个大学校园里出现在黑人民权运动和越南战争抗议活动的漩涡中。尽管该剧本主要集中在一个民族(日裔美国人)对动荡的文化氛围的代际反应上,但它意味着所有种族和种族少数群体都与争取社会变革和正义的斗争相关,而斗争则超出了范围。美国实际上涵盖了所有“第三世界”。

几家亚洲美国戏剧公司的出现,在心理和切实的是亚裔美国人戏剧中的巨大制作。With the founding in 1965 of the East West Players in Los Angeles, AsianAmerican drama enjoyed an unprecedented outlet for creative expression—for performers, production crews, and, finally, in the 1970s, for playwrights when the group’s emphasis changed from producing nonAsian plays with all-Asian casts to developing and producing plays written by Asian Americans. Other Asian-American theater companies soon followed suit, most notably the Kumu Kahua, established in 1970 by several University of Hawaii students and Dennis Carroll, a University of Hawaii professor of theater; the Asian American Theater Company (AATC) in San Francisco in 1973; the Northwest Asian American Theatre Company (NWAAT) in Seattle in the mid-1970s; the Pan Asian Repertory in New York City in 1987; and the Ma-Yi (the 14th-century Chinese term for the Philippine Islands) Theater Company in New York City in 1989. The 1990s saw the emergence of smaller theater companies on the West Coast such as Teatro ng Tanan (Theater for the People) and Bindlestiff Studio, both companies founded in the Filipino-American communities in San Francisco. Theater companies committed to the production of Asian-American plays were also formed in the Midwest in the 1990s and 2000s, including Chicago’s Angel Island Theatre Company and the Hmong Theatre Project, Rich Shiomi’s Theatre Mu, and the Playwrights’ Center (all three located in Minneapolis). One of the most recently formed theater companies, the Silk Road Theatre Project, established in Chicago in 2002 in response to the widespread anti-Arab and anti-Arab-American sentiment in the wake of September 11, 2001, expresses the expanded multicultural vision now shared by many of these theater companies: “Silk Road Theatre Project showcases playwrights of Asian, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean backgrounds, whose works address themes relevant to the peoples of the Silk Road and their Diaspora communities. Through the creation and presentation of outstanding theater, we aim to promote discourse and dialogue among multicultural audiences . . . and [to] heal rifts through the transformative power of theatre” (“About Us”).

最近,对西海岸以外的亚裔美国人剧院的兴趣有望抵消一些学者的指控,即大多数亚裔美国文学选集几乎完全以加利福尼亚为中心的愿景。此外,许多固定场所的可用性都可以鼓励剧作家,表演者和制作人员参与并磨练自己的手艺。此外,这些剧院作为Dorinne Kondo解释说,通过提供“高度重要的中介作用”来维持更大的文化功能。。。as sites for the performance and creation of what it means to be ‘Asian American.’” By fostering budding playwrights through competitions, grants, and workshops, and by “training actors and offering them opportunities to perform in plays that would be closed to them in mainstream theatres,” these theater companies make “invaluable contributions to American theatre [and] to the continuing creation and re-creation of Asian-American identities and communities” (Nelson x).

参考书目
Barrios-Leblanc,Joi,编辑。野蛮舞台:Ma-Yi剧院公司的戏剧。纽约:Ma-Yi剧院公司,2006年。Berson,Misha,编辑。世界之间:当代亚裔美国人的戏剧。纽约:戏剧传播集团,1990年。卡罗尔,丹尼斯编辑。Kumu Kahua播放。檀香山:夏威夷大学出版社,1983年。亚裔美国文学:带注释的书目。纽约:PMLA,1988年。“ Chickencoop Chinaman”和“龙之年”:两场戏。 Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981. Ellis, Roger, ed. Multicultural Theatre II: Contemporary Hispanic, Asian, and African-American Plays. Colorado Springs: Meriwether, 1998. Gotanda, Philip Kan. No More Cherry Blossoms: “Sisters Matsumoto” and Other Plays. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. ———. Yankee Dawg You Die. New York: Dramatists Play Service, 1991. Houston, Velina Hasu, ed. But Still, Like Air, I’ll Rise: New Asian American Plays. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997. ———, ed. The Politics of Life: Four Plays by Asian American Women. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993. Hwang, David Henry. “FOB” and Other Plays. New York: Plume, 1990. ———. M. Butterfly. New York: Plume, 1989. Kondo, Dorinne K. About Face: Performing Race in Fashion and Theater. New York: Routledge, 1997. Kurahashi, Yuko. Asian American Culture on Stage: The History of the East West Players. New York: Garland, 1999. Lee, Esther Kim. A History of Asian American Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Lee, Josephine Ding. Performing Asian America: Race and Ethnicity on the Contemporary Stage. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997. Liu, Miles Xian, ed. Asian American Playwrights: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002. Moy, James S. Marginal Sights: Staging the Chinese in America. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993. ———. “David Henry Hwang’s M. Butterfly and Philip Kan Gotanda’s Yankee Dawg You Die: Repositioning Chinese American Marginality on the American Stage.” Theatre Journal 42, no. 1 (1990): 48–56. Nelson, Brian, ed. Asian American Drama: 9 Plays from the Multiethnic Landscape. New York: Applause Theatre Books, 1997. Perkins, Kathy A., and Roberto Uno, eds. Contemporary Plays by Women of Color. London: Routledge, 1996. Shimakawa, Karen. National Abjection: The Asian American Body Onstage. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002. Srikanth, Rajini, and Esther Y. Iwanaga, eds. Bold Words: A Century of Asian American Writing. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2001. Uno, Roberta, ed. Unbroken Thread: An Anthology of Plays by Asian American Women. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993. Yamauchi, Wakako. Songs My Mother Taught Me: Stories, Plays, and Memoir. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1994.



类别:戏剧批评,,,,文学批评,,,,Literature,,,,剧院研究

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