丽贝卡·哈丁·戴维斯在钢铁厂的生活分析

铁厂里的生活威尔士厂工人和原始艺术家Hugh Wolfe的狡猾生活,枯萎的愿望和潜力的一个令人担忧的,这是一个强有力的工业资本主义和美国现实主义初始阶段的强大起诉书。However, for all its evocative documentation of the dismal, polluted mills of Wheeling (in what is now West Virginia) and the spiritual degradation of generations of laborers, Rebecca Harding Davis’s story derives much of its continuing poetic impact from its deployment of allegorical strategies perfected by older contemporary American writers: emblematic characters representing clearly demarcated social functions and spiritual conditions, ambiguous and often ironic deployment of Christian scripture, and objects that emerge from their ostensibly realistic contexts to acquire the status of complex moral, aesthetic, and spiritual symbols.

故事的主人公是一位身份不明的叙述者,他对工人们的日常生活和一生的苦难非常熟悉:“即使是制造业城镇的居民,也没有多少人知道管理工人身体的庞大机械系统”(909)。叙述者所展现的亲密知识是以一种同情的方式来表达的,这将他/她与那些想要成为改革者的人区别开来,那些人“与那些卑鄙的、受邪恶迫害的工人们在一起时,“怀着对基督的仁爱之心,但出来后却变得愤怒、强硬”(907)。这种亲密的了解和同情表现在工人们说话的方式上,这种方式被准确而敏感地复制,而没有任何讽刺和嘲笑的意图。少数工人阶级的语言扭曲——扭曲和严重缩短的发音,把圣母玛利亚变成了“Vargent”(907)——被复制为一个索引,为中产阶级读者,阻碍他们与他人交流的能力,例如生病的,沮丧的休和他身体畸形的表弟黛博拉。

书的开头几段描述了“一座炼铁厂之城”(904)——这个短语暗示了其社会结构和经济基础的坚韧不拔的本性。“被挫败的阳光”永恒的阴郁拥有一种引力,任何事物都没有足够的动力来抵挡:“天空在黎明前下沉,浑浊,静止”(904,906)。形容词和副词的气氛-肮脏的、阴沉的、黏糊糊的、肮脏的、油腻的、臭气熏天的、迟钝的、迟钝的、疲倦的(905)——类似于查尔斯·狄更斯和亨利·梅休所著的广为流传的英国城市贫民窟编年史伦敦劳动力伦敦穷人与戴维斯的故事在同一年出版)。同样,这些工厂也被描述为“令人绝望的不适和隐藏的犯罪”的地方,“一座火之城”,“液态金属火焰在曲折的溪流中翻滚”和“可怕的恶魔…”在红灯下像复仇的鬼魂”(910)。然而,描写“疲倦,愚蠢的吸引力在negro-like河盲目轴承负担日复一日”(905)清楚地标识了美国特有的政治背景的故事最初编写和阅读只是种族解放战争还激烈的争论在北方所谓的工资奴隶。然而,休的父亲据说已经在康沃尔的锡厂工作了半生,这一事实在资本主义下的劳动关系中确立了一种泛泛的、跨大西洋的连续性。这种延续性的概念可以通过对过去几代威尔士工人的一般性描述来更明确地表述,接着是“他们的复制品今天挤满了街道”(907)。

叙述者带着读者像但丁一样跌入人间地狱,去找回两个磨坊里无数无名居民的未知生活,以此来回答关于工人阶级表面上的堕落的讽刺问题,“这就是他们的全部生活吗?”。没下吗?——所有?”(907)。沃尔夫和他的同事们被工厂系统非人化,变成了“像被打的猎狗一样偷偷摸摸”、“睡在像狗窝一样的房间里”的动物(907)。他也被他的同伴阉割了,他们认为他是“一个女男人”,并叫他“莫莉”,因为,按照美国传统,他们怀疑他(有限的)教育和艺术倾向是女性化的(912)。休比这个可怜的人更可怜,他被逐出了野蛮的社会,在这个社会里,“活着”不过是“一个喝醉酒的笑话,一个对天使来说可能是可怕的笑话,但对他们来说却是司空见惯的笑话”(905)。然而,他被一个更可怜的人照顾,一个耐心但痛苦渴望的自我牺牲的人,黛博拉,她从一种近乎崇拜的单恋中“看着他像一只西班牙猎犬的主人”(912)。虽然休感觉拖船在他的良心,黛博拉的“受挫的女人的形式”冒犯了他与生俱来的美感,拼命地摸索,在周围的“粗野”的美丽和纯洁,可能带来潜在的精神形成和饲料“soul-starvation”折磨的他和他的类作为“疾病”(910 - 911)。黛博拉的“清醒状态麻木…… pain and hunger” (910) might be thought the partial inspiration for the “hideous, fantastic” woman Hugh hews from korl, the flesh-colored refuse of the iron-making process: “a woman, white, of giant proportions, crouching on the ground, her arms flung out in some wild gesture of warning . . . the powerful limbs instinct with some one poignant longing.” Yet this woman is also a self-portrait, its “clutching hands, the wild, eager face, like that of a starving wolf’s” (916). This allegorical figure is described as mutely posing “the awful question, ‘What shall we do to be saved?’ ” (918).

丽贝卡·哈丁·戴维斯/阿拉巴马百科全书

休的生活中的转折点是他遇到的成员对他是一个“神秘的类,它照耀着他与另一个订单的魅力永远是“(913),其存在是恼火他的谜为什么很多应该是与他们的不同,一个海湾“永不传递”(915)。他无意中听到了磨坊老板柯比(Kirby)之间的对话,当时柯比正在带领同伴梅博士(Dr. May)和米切尔参观。休“像一只哑巴,绝望的动物”在听,他听不懂他们的谈话,因为所有的人都表达了不同的当代态度,关于可以或应该为穷人做什么。每个人都是讽喻的表现,是作者讽刺的对象。米切尔,一个“纯种绅士”和嘲笑,浅薄的审美家,代表了头部,一个过度优雅,本质上冷淡,和不坚定的智力“在美国并不罕见”(915)。他幻想地凝视着地狱般的劳动,仿佛这是一场戏剧性的奇观,当他把他的审视转向休时,他“冷静、探究的眼睛”是“嘲弄、残酷、无情的”(917)。然而,他是唯一能够认识到沃尔夫的雕塑代表着精神饥渴的人,它在问“上帝的问题”,要求“我有知情权”(917)。他反复地,虽然总是带着讽刺的口吻,提到沃尔夫,让他觉得自己是基督。

在尖刻的米切尔看来,科比代表着“世界的口袋”——也就是说,“金钱”通过他表达了它的意识形态(918-919)。柯比说,如果他是上帝,他会制造“这些做世界上最低等工作的人”的机器,并以一种可怕的逻辑补充说,这将是有益的,因为“对于必须这样生活的生物来说,味觉和理性是什么?””(918)。米切尔将梅医生命名为“心脏”,尽管正如他的名字所示,这颗心脏并不可靠。梅想表现得和蔼可亲,但当他用通常用于儿童的语调和休说话时,他忍不住流露出他的班级居高临下的优越感,并显示出“善良的人在与这些人交谈时所摆出的和蔼的微笑”(917,919)。梅问了作者的问题,“上帝保佑我们!”负责的是谁?”(918)。但为了不让自己承担对沃尔夫的责任,他通过问另一个人来逃避:“当剩下无数人的时候,为什么要养一个人?””(920)。他满足自己,祈祷是他唯一的责任,在为“这些堕落的灵魂”祈祷时,他认识到自己“已完成的责任”(920)。他还表达了意识形态上的陈词滥调,即美国制度提供了平等的机会,他向沃尔夫(以及他自己)保证,“一个人可以选择自己想要的任何东西。”缓解他的内疚不安,“与自己的宽宏大量,发光”可能进一步保证休,“这是他的权利崛起”(919、921),尽管他标签时忘恩负义休最终作用于自己制定的信念,他理应得到“神的生活意味着他生活。 to live as they” by the exertions of his “unused powers” (924). The narrator concurs, comparing Hugh to the biblical Esau in his having been “deprived of his birthright” (935).

在这个寓言的条款内,作为柯比本人表明,休代表手;因此,文本是用对手和手势的引用来补充,因为博士可能会问柯比的关键问题,“你有很多这样的手吗?你打算怎么办?“(917)。休不过是手,因为他是一位直观的雕塑家,缺乏关键智力的指导,更有目的是,因为作为一家工厂手,他在戴维斯的当代,哲学家卡尔马克斯分析了他的媒体过程中的这些部分。被监禁后,拥有被贬低的钱包偷走了,希望让他成为解放自己的手段,休在他的眼中谎言“用手”,一个人完全“削减”(927)。这种隐喻参考阉割和执行旨在与Hugh的艺术活动相关联。好像在履行柯比的默契诅咒时,“如果他们砍了Korl,或者切割彼此的喉咙。。。 I am not responsible” (918), Hugh ultimately achieves freedom through suicide, using an implement reminiscent of those he has used to carve his artwork, which he sharpens by scraping against the iron bars of his prison cell. Davis derives additional irony from iron, as Hugh ceases to “fight like a tiger” once shackled in the very material his labor has produced.

叙述者不断地对读者说,好像是要羞辱他或她:“我要你隐藏你的厌恶,不要在意你的干净衣服,和我一起下来,到这里,到浓雾、泥泞和污浊的臭气中去。我想让你听这个故事。”直接称呼也被用来表达对正义的要求,这是休自己无法表达的:“我想让你下来看看这个沃尔夫……看他的本来面目,好叫你公正地审判他”(912)。其中一些直接称呼的嘲弄口吻暗示了戴维斯的怀疑:一些读者被迫认同一个罪犯,可能会因为感到窘迫而在他们阶级的意识形态陈词滥调中寻求庇护:“你清楚地看到其论点背后的错误——对他来说,真正的生活是全面发展的生活,而不是自我克制的生活?”他对为了真理而自愿受苦的更高的呼声充耳不闻”(925)。戴维斯在写这篇文章的时候,模糊了她是指沃尔夫还是指读者,以明确的模棱两可的方式结束了这一段,“我只是想让你看看我哥哥眼睛里的尘埃:然后你就可以清楚地看到它,然后把它去掉”(925)。

戴维斯将她的寓言现实主义部署为传统的美国卡文主义者关于犯罪和救赎的挑战,特别是经济失败表现出精神不配的深深的信念。This conviction is implicitly challenged as Davis induces the reader to identify with Hugh’s puzzlement regarding the source of his seemingly eternal punishment: “His nature starts up with a mad cry of rage against God, man, whoever it is that has forced this vile, slimy life upon him” (913). Similarly, she induces the reader to repudiate Kirby’s washing his hands, like Pontius Pilate, “of all social problems” (918). Challenging this Calvinist conviction from the perspective of radical contemporary ideas about economic and environmental determinism, while establishing a pattern of biblical allusions, Davis’s story constitutes a harbinger of the social gospel movement of the 1880s–1920s, which sought authority in Christian scripture for governmental regulation of industrial practices, notably labor reform, and for publicly financed protection and rehabilitation of the socially abject or abused.

在重大方面,戴维斯的故事也是一种激进的偏离,源于这一时期的多愁善感的杂志小说,这通常专注于自我牺牲,秘密情绪和道德顾忌在家庭和求爱关系的狭隘背景下。这种虚构旨在沉默地沉默地思考个人责任,意志力和最直视或缺乏的信念是在生活中建立了一个人的生活条件。当然,戴维斯的悲伤元素在戴维斯的故事“可能是什么不是:希望,一个人才,爱”(934)。对于德国的常规女性奉献而言,这些最明显对全神贯注的休(Preocucied Hugh):“在这个潮湿的东西中没有什么值得读的东西。。。没有一个充满摸索热情的灵魂的灵魂,英雄无私,凶狠的嫉妒?多年的疲惫的尝试。。。 to gain one look of real heart-kindness from him?” (911). The narrator deliberately equates these feelings with those of her readers by adding, “One sees that dead, vacant look steal sometimes over the rarest, finest of women’s faces . . . and then one can guess at the secret of intolerable solitude that lies hid beneath the delicate laces and brilliant smile” (911). But these familiar, easily recognizable sentiments function to augment and make more acceptable what is Davis’s larger set of concerns related to societal indifference and its deleterious effects.

从某种意义上说,情绪和顾忌之间的相互作用在那些具有挑战性地址到读者的“你”的场地发生:“你嘲笑它?是痛苦和嫉妒的野蛮现实在这个地方下降,我带你去你自己的房子或你自己的心 - 你的心,他们有时离合那个?“(911)。The narrator’s reminder of the “unawakened power” of the masses that Hugh represents serves to make the story a cautionary tale of progressivism, a contemporary political movement founded on the recognition that industrialization had enabled a massive accumulation of wealth by a few and that that, practically speaking, had made untenable the constitutional promise of equal opportunity in the pursuit of happiness. The progressives clung to the hope that structural reform would protect the capitalist system from the radical assault posed by union organizers, socialists, communists, and anarchists. Anxieties of this sort are registered throughout the conversation of the visitors to the mill. Kirby, for example, declares, “Let them have a clear idea of the rights of the soul, and I’ll venture next week they’ll strike for higher wages” (920), and he asks defiantly, “Do you want to banish all social ladders and put us all on a fl at table-level” (917). Taking no sides, Mitchell observes that “reform is born of need, not pity. No vital movement of the people’s has worked down, for good or evil”; ferment from below has always “carried up the heaving, cloggy mass” (920). Contemporary anxieties about the revolutionary potential of the rootless urban mob can also be registered in the description of Hugh’s delirious, short-lived experience of freedom as “the madness that underlies revolution, all progress, and all fall” (925). Davis provides a warning in Hugh’s insistence, upon hearing his prison sentence, that “the money was his by rights, and that all the world had gone wrong” (927). At the end of the story Hugh’s work of art is still asking its “terrible” questions, as Davis’s own work of art goads the reader to take action: “Is this the End? . . . nothing beyond?—no more?” (935).

参考书目
戴维斯,丽贝卡•哈丁。《铁磨坊的生活》在桑德拉·吉尔伯特编辑的《女性诺顿文学选集》中。纽约:W. W. Norton, 1985。



类别:美国文学文学批评文学现实主义短篇小说

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